Table of Contents
Introduction
Colonial Williamsburg stands as a vibrant testament to America’s rich history, embodying the spirit of the 18th century and the birth of a nation. As a restored colonial capital, it invites visitors to step back in time and experience the daily lives of the people who played pivotal roles in the American Revolution. Historical tours in Colonial Williamsburg offer a unique opportunity to engage with this living history, allowing participants to gain insight into the events, cultures, and legacies that shaped the United States.
Overview of Colonial Williamsburg
Historical tours in Colonial Williamsburg is an expansive living history museum located in Virginia, serving as the historic capital of the Virginia Colony from 1699 until 1780. It encompasses approximately 301 acres, featuring over 40 historic buildings that have been meticulously restored or reconstructed to their original conditions. Visitors can explore the cobblestone streets lined with period-appropriate shops, taverns, and homes, all while interacting with costumed interpreters who bring history to life through demonstrations, storytelling, and reenactments. The area’s significance is underscored by its designation as a National Historic Landmark District, showcasing some of the most important sites in American history, including the Governor’s Palace and the Colonial Capitol. This immersive environment not only preserves the architectural beauty of the time but also serves as a platform for educational programs that delve into the social, political, and economic factors that influenced the colonial era.
Importance of Historical tours in Colonial Williamsburg
Historical tours play a crucial role in fostering a deeper understanding of American history, offering visitors an experiential learning environment that textbooks alone cannot provide. These tours bridge the gap between the past and present, allowing participants to witness firsthand the realities of life during the colonial period. Through guided tours, reenactments, and interactive experiences, visitors gain insights into the complexities of early American society, including issues of governance, class, and cultural diversity. Moreover, these tours help illuminate the values and struggles that shaped the nation’s foundation, such as the quest for liberty and justice. Engaging with knowledgeable guides and historians enhances the educational experience, as they provide context and narratives that highlight the significance of key events and figures in American history.
The Historical Significance of Colonial Williamsburg
Brief Historical tours in Colonial Williamsburg
Colonial Williamsburg’s history dates back to the late 17th century when the Virginia House of Burgesses established it as the colony’s capital, moving from Jamestown. The area was strategically chosen for its central location and access to transportation routes, which facilitated trade and governance. As the colony grew, so did its infrastructure, with the construction of significant buildings such as the Colonial Capitol in 1705 and the Governor’s Palace in 1722. Throughout the 18th century, Williamsburg thrived as a cultural hub, attracting prominent figures such as Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and George Washington. It was here that important legislative decisions were made, and revolutionary ideas took root. However, as the American Revolution approached and the capital was moved to Richmond in 1780, Williamsburg began to decline. The city became a shadow of its former self, and many buildings fell into disrepair until efforts to restore and preserve its history began in the 20th century.
Key Events in Williamsburg’s Colonial Era
Several pivotal events took place in Williamsburg that shaped both the colony and the nation:
- Establishment of the Virginia House of Burgesses (1619): As one of the first legislative bodies in the America colonies, the House of Burgesses laid the groundwork for self-governance and representative democracy.
- The Great Awakening (1730s-1740s): This religious revival movement influenced social and political thought in Williamsburg, promoting individualism and challenging traditional authority.
- The First Continental Congress (1774): Williamsburg hosted discussions that contributed to the broader movement toward independence, emphasizing the colonists’ grievances against British rule.
- The Virginia Conventions (1775-1776): These gatherings were crucial in rallying support for the Revolution, leading to the establishment of Virginia’s independence from British governance.
The Role of Williamsburg in American Independence
Colonial Williamsburg played a significant role in the events leading up to and during the American Revolution. As tensions escalated between the colonies and Great Britain, Williamsburg became a focal point for revolutionary activity. The Virginia Convention of 1775, held in the St. John’s Church, was instrumental in rallying support for the revolutionary cause. Patrick Henry’s famous speech, “Give me liberty, or give me death,” delivered here, became a rallying cry for independence. Furthermore, the city served as a meeting place for revolutionary leaders who strategized and debated the path toward independence. The political and social networks established in Williamsburg significantly influenced the broader revolutionary movement across the colonies. As a site of protest, political discourse, and grassroots organization, Williamsburg contributed to the ideologies and actions that culminated in the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Today, Colonial Williamsburg’s historical significance is preserved through its restoration efforts, making it a living testament to the struggles, achievements, and evolving identity of the United States. Visitors to this historic site can engage with the stories of those who lived and fought for liberty, gaining a deeper appreciation for the foundations of American democracy.
Types of Historical Tours Available
Guided Walking Tours
Guided walking tours in Colonial Williamsburg offer a captivating way for visitors to immerse themselves in the rich history of this restored colonial capital. These tours typically last between one to two hours and are led by knowledgeable guides who are often dressed in period attire. As participants stroll through the cobblestone streets, the guides share engaging stories, historical context, and anecdotes about daily life during the colonial era. This interactive format not only makes history more accessible but also allows for a deeper understanding of the events and people that shaped Williamsburg. By providing opportunities for questions and discussions, guided tours foster a lively exchange of ideas, making the experience both educational and enjoyable.
Several reputable operators offer guided walking tours in Colonial Williamsburg, each providing unique perspectives on the area’s history. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, the official organization managing the site, offers a range of tours led by trained interpreters who are well-versed in the nuances of colonial life. Additionally, Williamsburg Walking Tours, a private company, provides specialized tours tailored for families and themed experiences that focus on specific aspects of colonial society. For those interested in the more macabre elements of history, Colonial Ghosts offers evening tours that delve into the haunted stories of Williamsburg, blending ghostly tales with historical facts. Historic Tours of America also provides comprehensive guided walking tours that encompass not only Williamsburg but also nearby historical attractions, giving visitors a broader understanding of Virginia’s rich heritage.
Themed Tours
Themed tours in Colonial Williamsburg cater to diverse interests, allowing visitors to explore specific aspects of the area’s history in greater depth. These tours provide focused narratives that enhance the understanding of various cultural, social, and political dimensions of the colonial period. For example, African American Heritage Tours delve into the complex history of African in Williamsburg, highlighting the contributions of enslaved individuals and free Black citizens. Participants learn about figures such as Elizabeth “Mumbet” Freeman and the impact of slavery on the community, gaining insight into the struggles and resilience of African Americans in shaping the region’s history.
Another enriching experience is found in Women’s History Tours, which illuminate the often-overlooked roles of women during the colonial era. These tours showcase the lives and contributions of women from various social classes, exploring their influence in the home, business, and community. Visitors may hear about influential figures such as Martha Washington, gaining a deeper appreciation for the achievements of women in a predominantly male-dominated society. Lastly, Architectural Tours focus on the unique styles and structures of colonial architecture in Williamsburg. Led by experts in the field, these tours examine the design elements, materials, and construction techniques of significant buildings, such as the Governor’s Palace and the Colonial Capitol, offering a comprehensive understanding of the architectural heritage of the period.
Self-Guided Tours
Historical tours in Colonial WilliamsburgFor those who prefer a more independent exploration, self-guided tours provide a flexible way to experience Colonial Williamsburg at one’s own pace. Visitors can navigate the historic area using a variety of resources that enhance their understanding of the sites they encounter. One of the most valuable tools is the Colonial Williamsburg App, which offers maps, schedules, and detailed information about the historic sites. This official app includes audio tours and interactive content, making it easier for visitors to learn about the history and significance of each location. Additionally, GPS-based tour apps provide location-based insights, allowing visitors to receive engaging narratives and multimedia content as they approach different landmarks.
For those who prefer physical resources, printed maps and guides are available at visitor centers, offering suggested routes and highlights for self-guided explorations. To make the most of their visit, tourists can follow suggested self-guided itineraries that cater to different interests and time frames. For example, a half-day tour might include stops at the Colonial Capitol, the Governor’s Palace, and key sites in the Historic Area, while a full-day tour would build on that itinerary by adding additional visits to the Great Hopes Plantation and various shops along Duke of Gloucester Street. Themed itineraries focusing on African American history or architectural highlights can also provide a tailored experience, allowing visitors to delve deeper into the aspects of Colonial Williamsburg that resonate most with them. By utilizing these resources, visitors can create a rich and personalized journey through the historical landscape of Colonial Williamsburg.
Must-See Historical Sites
Colonial Capitol
The Colonial Capitol of Virginia, located in Williamsburg, is one of the most significant buildings from the colonial era, serving as the seat of government for the Virginia Colony from 1705 until 1780. This impressive structure is a remarkable example of colonial architecture, featuring a distinctive brick façade and a cupola that rises prominently above the building. The Capitol housed the House of Burgesses, the first elected legislative assembly in the New World, where pivotal discussions on governance, rights, and the colonies’ relationship with Great Britain took place. Today, visitors can tour the restored Capitol, where they can learn about the legislative processes of the time, witness reenactments of debates, and understand the critical decisions that influenced the American Revolution. The Capitol’s historical significance is not only architectural but also political, marking it as a vital center for the emergence of democratic ideals in America.
Governor’s Palace
The Governor’s Palace is another key landmark in Colonial Williamsburg, originally constructed in 1706 to serve as the official residence of the colonial governor. The palace exemplifies the grandeur and opulence associated with colonial leadership, featuring elegant gardens, intricate architecture, and richly decorated interiors. Visitors can explore the expansive grounds and gardens, which include ornamental flowerbeds, vegetable plots, and fruit trees, all designed to reflect the elegance of the period. Inside, the palace showcases period furnishings and artworks that provide insight into the lifestyle of colonial governors and their families. The Governor’s Palace also serves as a site for various historical programs and reenactments, bringing to life the social and political events that occurred within its walls, including meetings of the council and gatherings of prominent colonial figures. The combination of its architectural beauty and rich history makes the Governor’s Palace a must-see for anyone visiting Colonial Williamsburg.
The Historic Area
The Historic Area of Colonial Williamsburg is a meticulously restored section that encompasses over 300 acres of 18th-century buildings, streets, and landscapes. This living history museum invites visitors to step back in time, experiencing the sights, sounds, and daily life of colonial America. The Historic Area includes more than 40 historic buildings, such as homes, shops, taverns, and public buildings, each offering a glimpse into the past. Costumed interpreters and artisans engage visitors through demonstrations of traditional crafts, such as blacksmithing, weaving, and pottery, highlighting the skills and trades that were essential to colonial life. Walking through the Historic Area, visitors can explore various sites that tell the stories of the people who lived and worked in Williamsburg, from tradespeople to politicians, providing a comprehensive understanding of colonial society. The Historic Area is a vibrant hub of activity, where history is not just observed but actively experienced.
The Courthouse and Jail
The Courthouse and Jail are essential components of Colonial Williamsburg’s historical narrative, reflecting the legal and social systems of the colonial period. The original Courthouse, constructed in the early 18th century, was a site for legal proceedings and community gatherings, where residents would come to witness trials and engage in civic matters. Visitors can tour the courthouse, learning about colonial law, the judicial process, and notable trials that took place within its walls. The adjacent Jail, which dates back to the late 18th century, offers insight into the penal practices of the time, showcasing the living conditions of inmates and the crimes that were punishable in colonial society. Through reenactments and interpretive programs, visitors gain a deeper understanding of law and order in colonial Virginia, including discussions about justice, punishment, and the rights of the accused.
Bruton Parish Church
Bruton Parish Church, established in 1674, is one of the oldest continuously active Anglican parishes in the United States and holds significant historical and architectural importance. Located in the heart of Colonial Williamsburg, the church features a beautiful Colonial-era structure with a striking steeple and elegant interior. It has served as a place of worship for many notable figures, including several signers of the Declaration of Independence. Visitors to Bruton Parish Church can explore its historic sanctuary, where they can admire the original pews, stained glass windows, and beautiful woodwork that reflect the craftsmanship of the time. The church also offers insight into the religious life of colonial Virginians and the role of the Anglican Church in shaping the social and political landscape of the era. Special services, concerts, and community events continue to be held at Bruton Parish Church, allowing visitors to connect with its living history.
The Great Hopes Plantation
The Great Hopes Plantation is a restored 18th-century plantation located just outside Colonial Williamsburg that offers a glimpse into the agricultural practices and daily life of colonial Virginians. This working plantation is home to a variety of heritage crops and livestock, showcasing the agricultural heritage of the region. Visitors can explore the plantation’s gardens and fields, participate in hands-on activities, and learn about the lives of the enslaved individuals who worked the land. The plantation emphasizes the importance of agriculture in the economy and lifestyle of colonial Virginia while also addressing the complex histories of race and labor. Through interpretive programs and guided tours, visitors can engage with the historical narratives surrounding plantation life, gaining a deeper understanding of the social and economic dynamics that shaped the colonial experience. The Great Hopes Plantation serves as a vital educational resource, illustrating the interconnectedness of agriculture, community, and history in early America.
Unique Experiences in Historical Tours
Interactive Demonstrations
Artisans and Craftspeople
Historical tours in Colonial Williamsburg play a crucial role in bringing history to life. These skilled individuals are dedicated to preserving traditional crafts and practices, using techniques that date back to the 18th century. Visitors can encounter a diverse array of craftsmen, including blacksmiths, coopers, bakers, and weavers, each demonstrating their unique trade in authentic settings. These artisans often offer workshops and hands-on experiences, allowing visitors to try their hand at various crafts, such as making pottery or weaving fabric. Their commitment to authenticity not only enhances the historical accuracy of the site but also fosters a greater understanding of the skills that were vital to colonial life. Through their work, artisans and craftspeople serve as living links to the past, showcasing the creativity and ingenuity of the people who once inhabited Williamsburg.
Military Drills and Reenactments
Military drills and reenactments are key features of the historical experience in Colonial Williamsburg, offering visitors a glimpse into the military life of the 18th century. These events often involve costumed interpreters portraying soldiers from the Revolutionary War era, demonstrating the drills, formations, and tactics used during this pivotal time in American history. The reenactments provide a vivid representation of the discipline and training that soldiers underwent, along with the challenges they faced. Visitors can witness musket firing demonstrations, cavalry charges, and strategic movements, all aimed at educating audiences about the military’s role in the fight for independence. These dynamic presentations are not only entertaining but also serve to illuminate the complexities of warfare and its impact on colonial society.
Living History Experiences
Costumed Interpreters
Costumed interpreters are a vital element of the educational experience in Colonial Williamsburg, as they bring the past to life through their authentic representations of historical figures and everyday citizens. Dressed in period-appropriate attire, these interpreters engage with visitors, providing insights into the customs, social structures, and daily challenges of colonial life. They may portray various roles, from tradespeople and farmers to members of the gentry, each offering unique perspectives on the experiences of the time. Through storytelling, demonstrations, and guided tours, costumed interpreters create an interactive environment where guests can ask questions and participate in discussions. Their passion for history and dedication to accuracy enrich the visitor experience, making it possible to connect with the past in meaningful ways.
Historical Performances and Plays
Historical performances and plays are an integral part of the cultural landscape in Colonial Williamsburg, providing entertainment while educating visitors about key events and figures from the colonial era. The performances often take place in historic venues and may include reenactments of significant events, storytelling sessions, and theatrical productions based on historical narratives. Through these performances, actors bring to life the struggles, triumphs, and complexities of the colonial experience, offering audiences a more engaging understanding of the past. These events may also incorporate music and dance, further immersing visitors in the cultural practices of the time. Historical performances serve as a dynamic complement to guided tours and interactive demonstrations, allowing guests to appreciate the richness of colonial life through the arts.
Special Events and Festivals
Annual Heritage Festival
The Annual Heritage Festival is one of the most anticipated events in Colonial Williamsburg, celebrating the diverse cultural heritage of the region. This festival features a range of activities and demonstrations that highlight the contributions of different cultural groups to Virginia’s history. Visitors can enjoy traditional music, dance performances, and storytelling, showcasing the rich tapestry of experiences that have shaped the area. The festival often includes hands-on activities, allowing participants to learn crafts, cooking techniques, and agricultural practices from various cultural traditions. Through its focus on inclusivity and education, the Annual Heritage Festival provides a unique opportunity for visitors to engage with the complexities of America’s history, celebrating both its diversity and shared narratives.
Independence Day Celebrations
Historical tours in Colonial Williamsburg offer a festive and meaningful way to honor the nation’s founding. Each July 4th, the historic area comes alive with activities that commemorate the Declaration of Independence and the values of liberty and democracy. The day typically begins with a patriotic ceremony, featuring speeches, reenactments, and musical performances that evoke the spirit of the revolutionary era. Visitors can participate in a variety of activities, such as parades, flag-raising ceremonies, and military drills, all designed to engage audiences in the celebration of American independence. The festive atmosphere, combined with the historical significance of the location, creates a unique experience that resonates with the ideals of freedom and unity, making the Independence Day celebrations in Colonial Williamsburg a memorable occasion for all attendees.
Practical Information for Tourists
Best Times to Visit
The best times to visit Colonial Williamsburg depend largely on individual preferences for weather, crowd levels, and special events. The spring (March to May) and fall (September to November) months are generally considered ideal due to mild temperatures and fewer crowds compared to the summer. During spring, visitors can enjoy the blooming gardens and various outdoor activities, while fall showcases vibrant foliage and pleasant weather, perfect for exploring the historic area. The summer months (June to August) can be hot and humid, attracting larger crowds, especially during school vacation periods. However, summer also offers a range of special events, festivals, and extended hours, making it a lively time to visit. Winter (December to February) presents a quieter experience, with fewer tourists and the charm of holiday decorations, although some attractions may have limited hours. Overall, planning a visit during the shoulder seasons can enhance the experience by providing more comfortable weather and a more relaxed atmosphere.
Ticketing and Pricing
Ticketing for Colonial Williamsburg is straightforward, with several options available to accommodate different visitor needs. Guests can choose from various ticket types, including single-day admission, multi-day passes, and annual memberships. Single-day tickets typically grant access to the Historic Area and most programs, while multi-day passes allow for a more leisurely exploration of the site over several days. Annual memberships are available for those who plan to visit frequently, offering benefits such as unlimited access, discounts at shops and restaurants, and exclusive events. Pricing varies based on age, with discounts often available for children, students, and seniors. Additionally, special promotions may be offered during certain times of the year, so checking the official Colonial Williamsburg website for the latest ticketing information and pricing is advisable.
Accessibility and Amenities
Colonial Williamsburg is committed to ensuring that all visitors have a positive and accessible experience. The Historic Area is equipped with paved pathways and ramps to facilitate movement for individuals with mobility challenges. Wheelchairs are available for rent at the Visitor Center, and accessible restrooms are conveniently located throughout the area. Many of the historic buildings have been adapted to improve accessibility while maintaining their historical integrity. Furthermore, the Colonial Williamsburg app provides information about accessible routes and features, helping visitors plan their visits effectively. Amenities within the Historic Area include dining options, gift shops, and picnic areas, offering convenience and comfort during the visit. By providing these services, Colonial Williamsburg ensures that everyone can enjoy its rich history and cultural offerings.
Exploring Beyond Colonial Williamsburg
Nearby Historical Attractions
Jamestown Settlement
Jamestown Settlement is a must-visit attraction for anyone exploring Colonial Williamsburg. This living history museum offers a rich and immersive experience centered around the early years of the Jamestown colony. Visitors can walk through re-creations of the 1607 fort and the Powhatan Indian village, engaging with costumed interpreters who portray the lives of both the English settlers and the Native Americans.
The museum features extensive exhibits that highlight the challenges faced by the settlers, such as disease, food shortages, and conflicts with Indigenous peoples. Additionally, guests can explore the replica ships, including the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery, which transported the original settlers to America. These interactive experiences make the early colonial period come alive, providing valuable context to the broader narratives of American history.
Yorktown Battlefield
The Yorktown Battlefield is another essential historical site located near Colonial Williamsburg, known for its pivotal role in the American Revolutionary War. Visitors can explore the battlefield, where the combined forces of the American Continental Army and French troops laid siege to the British army in 1781, ultimately leading to their surrender.
The site offers a range of activities, including self-guided tours, ranger-led programs, and opportunities to view significant landmarks such as the Moore House and the Yorktown Redoubt. The American Revolution Museum at Yorktown provides further context through exhibits, film presentations, and living history demonstrations that illustrate the wartime experiences of soldiers and civilians alike. This immersive setting allows visitors to understand the significance of the Battle of Yorktown in the fight for American independence.
Additional Resources for History Enthusiasts
Museums and Libraries
In addition to Colonial Williamsburg, the area is home to several museums and libraries that focus on early American history. The Virginia Historical Society in Richmond features an extensive collection of artifacts, documents, and exhibitions that explore Virginia’s rich history. The Library of Virginia also houses significant historical records and manuscripts, offering valuable resources for researchers and history buffs.
Moreover, the York County Historical Museum provides insight into the local history of the Yorktown area, featuring exhibits on the American Revolution and early Virginia life. These institutions serve as valuable repositories of knowledge for anyone interested in the historical narratives of the region.
Online Resources and Virtual Tours
In the digital age, online resources have become invaluable for history enthusiasts seeking to explore American history from home. Many institutions, including the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, offer virtual tours, online exhibits, and educational resources that provide a glimpse into life during the colonial period.
The National Park Service provides virtual tours and educational materials related to Yorktown Battlefield and other national historic sites. Additionally, platforms like Google Arts & Culture host interactive exhibits and high-resolution images from museums and historical sites across the country, making it easy for anyone to explore America’s rich heritage from anywhere in the world. These online resources offer a wealth of information for those unable to visit in person, ensuring that the stories of our nation’s past remain accessible to all.
Conclusion
Summary of the Importance of Historical Tours
Historical tours in Colonial Williamsburg, serve as invaluable resources for understanding the complexities of American history. They provide immersive experiences that bring the past to life, allowing visitors to engage with the stories, struggles, and triumphs of those who came before us. Through guided tours, interactive demonstrations, and living history experiences, guests gain a deeper appreciation for the cultural, social, and political developments that shaped the nation. These tours not only foster a sense of connection to history but also encourage reflection on the values and ideals that continue to resonate today. By exploring the historical significance of landmarks, events, and individuals, visitors can develop a more nuanced understanding of the American experience.
Encouragement to Experience Colonial Williamsburg
Visiting Colonial Williamsburg is more than just a trip to a historical site; it’s an opportunity to step back in time and engage with the past in a meaningful way. The blend of authentic architecture, knowledgeable interpreters, and interactive activities creates an enriching experience for individuals and families alike. Whether you’re a history enthusiast, a casual visitor, or someone looking for a unique adventure, Colonial Williamsburg offers something for everyone. We encourage you to explore this remarkable destination, participate in its many offerings, and connect with the rich tapestry of American history. From walking through the Historic Area to engaging in hands-on demonstrations, every moment spent in Williamsburg is a chance to learn and grow. So, plan your visit today and discover the stories that have shaped our nation stories that are waiting for you to experience firsthand.
FAQs
What is the best time of year to visit Colonial Williamsburg?
The best times to visit Colonial Williamsburg are during the spring (March to May) and fall (September to November) months. During these seasons, visitors can enjoy mild weather, beautiful scenery, and fewer crowds compared to the hot summer months. Spring brings blooming flowers and vibrant gardens, while fall showcases colorful foliage. However, if you’re interested in experiencing the lively atmosphere of summer events or the festive charm of winter holiday decorations, those seasons can also offer unique experiences.
Are historical tours family-friendly?
Yes, historical tours in Colonial Williamsburg are designed to be family-friendly, catering to visitors of all ages. Many activities and demonstrations are engaging for children, and costumed interpreters often interact with younger guests to keep their interest piqued. The site offers various hands-on experiences and workshops that are educational and entertaining, making it an excellent destination for families looking to explore history together.
How long do historical tours typically last?
The duration of historical tours in Colonial Williamsburg can vary depending on the type of tour chosen. Guided walking tours usually last around 60 to 90 minutes, while more in-depth experiences, such as themed tours or special events, may take up to two hours or more. Self-guided tours can be tailored to individual interests, allowing visitors to spend as much or as little time as they wish exploring the Historic Area.
Can I take photographs during the tours?
Yes, visitors are generally encouraged to take photographs during their tours of Colonial Williamsburg. Capturing memories of the historic buildings, demonstrations, and interactions with costumed interpreters can enhance the experience. However, it’s important to be respectful of any specific guidelines that may be in place, especially in certain areas or during specific events. Some indoor exhibits may have restrictions on photography to protect artifacts, so it’s advisable to check signage or ask staff if unsure.
What should I wear for a historical tour?
When visiting Colonial Williamsburg, comfortable and practical attire is recommended, as the Historic Area involves a fair amount of walking. Weather-appropriate clothing is essential, so dress in layers during cooler months and wear breathable fabrics during the summer. Comfortable walking shoes are highly advisable to ensure an enjoyable experience while exploring the extensive grounds. Additionally, consider bringing a hat and sunscreen if visiting during the warmer months, as many activities take place outdoors.
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